An Introduction on Cereal Breakfast

Cereals (Breakfast) In 1877, Henry D. Seymour and William Heston developed and trademarked a new product, rolled oats. All consumers had to do was add hot water to the rolled oats in order to eat them. Because most Americans did not eat oats at that time, the company decided to launch a major advertising campaign. To promote sales, the company packed its rolled oats in cardboard boxes bearing the reassuring image of an elderly Quaker and promoted their new product via a national advertising campaign in 1882, making it the first cereal to be advertised nationally.

The campaign was so successful that the company changed its name to the Quaker Oats Company in 1901. In 1863, Dr. James C. Jackson, a vegetarian who operated the Dansville Sanitarium in Dansville, New York, advocated eating healthy food. He took graham fl our, baked it, and broke it up into small pieces. Th is was the fi rst breakfast cereal, and he called it granula. One of the patrons of Jackson's spa was Ellen White, who later formed the Seventh- Day Adventist church. Th e Seventh-Day Adventists launched a health asylum of their own in Battle Creek, Michigan. In 1876, John Harvey Kellogg became its director. Kellogg visited Jackson's spa and liked granula. Upon his return, Kellogg duplicated Jackson's formula and began selling it. Evidently Jackson threatened to sue him, so Kellogg changed the formula and called his new product granola. Kellogg tried to develop more grain-based vegetarian options for the guests of his spa. Countless variations of granola were created. He added water to ground corn, which he then rolled into small flakes on trays, which were then cooked. He called the resulting thin, wheat-flaked cereal granose. He similarly rolled and cooked cornmeal and ended up with corn flakes. Both of these cereals were served to patients at the sanitarium.

Charles W. Post, a patient at Kellogg's sanitarium, proclaimed that Kellogg's ninemonth health regimen had changed his life. In 1895 Post offered to go into business with Kellogg to market the sanitarium's products, but Kellogg declined. Post then established the Postum Cereal Company (later renamed General Foods Corporation ) and began producing Grape Nuts, which was a slight variation on Jackson's granula and Kellogg's granola. Post's success convinced Kellogg to commercialize his own products. In 1906, John Harvey Kellogg established the Toasted Corn Flakes Company (later renamed the Kellogg Company ) and selected his younger brother, Will K. Kellogg, president of the new company. Will took over the company and launched a major promotional campaign and developed many new cereals. Others followed Post's and Kellogg's examples and more than 40 new cereal companies were established during the early years of the twentieth century in Battle Creek, Michigan. In 1921, Wheaties was accidentally discovered by a Minneapolis health clinician.

The cereal was pitched to the Washburn Crosby Company (later renamed General Mills ), which acquired the cereal and began advertising it as The Breakfast of Champions. This became one of the first food companies to advertise on radio. In the 1930s, the company introduced "Jack Armstrong, the all-American boy" to radio listeners, played by Jim Ameche. The Postum Cereal Company responded in 1934 when they licensed the rights from Walt Disney to a popular new movie character, Mighty Mouse, who was prominently displayed on Post Toasties boxes and on Post advertisements. Mighty Mouse also appeared on many other products marketed to children Beginning in the 1920s, cereals, which originated in the health food movement, began to evolve. The new addition was sugar. Kellogg's introduced Rice Krispies in 1928.

They consisted mainly of sugar and rice. The elves-Snap, Crackle, and Pop-were derived from a radio advertisement. They were among the first mascots developed for advertising cereals. Aft er World War II, cereal makers determined that children preferred sweet cereals and began to add sugar to their products. Kellogg's introduced Sugar Pops in 1950 and Frosted Flakes in 1952. The original Frosted Flakes mascot was a kangaroo but this was later changed to Tony the Tiger. Kellogg's bought the licensing rights for the Superman comic book character, who appeared on Frosted Flakes boxes during the 1950s. Frosted Flakes is the second-largest selling cereal in America today. General Mills introduced Trix, which contains 46 percent sugar, in 1954. Its advertising slogan, "Trix are for Kids," was introduced in 1960s. John Holahan, vice president of General Mills, invented Lucky Charms in 1963. It has regularly changed over the years, adding new shapes and flavors. Its mascot is the leprechaun, who first appeared in advertisements in 1964. In 1979,

General Mills also offered a sugar-coated version of its Cheerios-Honey Nut Cheerios-which is among the top-selling cereals today. Cereal manufacturers have extended their cereal lines to include confections. Commercial Rice Krispies Treats were first marketed in 1995. Made by Kellogg's, they are packaged in individual servings and are intended as a dessert for lunch boxes. Recently, Snapple and Fruit Loops have co-branded to produce Snapple Candy and Snapplets hard candies. Kellogg co-branded with Brach's Confections to produce Fruit Loops snacks. Today, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals are served in 9 out of 10 American households. Cereals, which started as a health food, are a major contributor to sugar in the American diet, especially to the diets of children. 

Herbal and Traditional Cure for Asthma

In acute phases this can be life threatening, and as one would expect, folk medicine has over the centuries developed a large and miscellaneous range of remedies. One plant remedy stands out in recent times as being used in folk medicine on both sides of the Atlantic. This is the thornapple (Datura stramonium), also known in North America as Jamestown weed or Jimson Weed. In Britain, the dried leaves were smoked as a treatment for asthma (e.g., by the fishermen of the North Norfolk coast; T.E., pers. com., 1988). The plant is not native to Britain but turns up as a weed of recently disturbed land. Clearly the remedy was imported from North America, but it is unusual in that it was adopted not only by medical herbalists but by the folk tradition as well. Going back farther in time it becomes increasingly difficult to separate asthma remedies from those of bronchitis; in folk medicine the two complaints seem to have been linked together. For example, coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) was recommended by Pliny for the treatment of bronchitis and has continued in herbal and in folk medicine to be used for coughs ever since. This use has extended to asthma in the Scottish Highlands (Beith 1995: 212) and in England (Prince 1991: 11). In the English early twentieth-century use of honeysuckle for treating asthma (Miss N., Hampshire, pers. com., 1990) we have an early example of the now-popular complementary medicine of aromatherapy (Miss N., Hampshire, pers. com., 1980). A romantic-sounding remedy was recorded in the 1950s by Beith from Inverness-shire in Scotland. The sufferer had to row alone across a lake and back before sunrise (Beith 1995: 135). Also in the Scottish Highlands, dogfish oil was given to asthma sufferers (Beith 1995: 174). In some parts of Scotland, the skin of a hare, placed over the chest during sleep, was apparently used to ward off asthma attacks (Souter 1995: 136). Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) was recommended in the Isle of Lewis (Beith 1995: 207). An infusion of bramble root (Rubus fruticosus) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), wine made from elder berries (Sambucus nigra), snuff made from the dried leaves of ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea), an infusion of horehound (Marrubium vulgare) and a decoction of the roots and bark of the sloe (Prunus spinosa) have all been used in the Scottish Highlands for treating asthma (Beith 1995: 215, 221, 223, 232, 242).The story of a lifesaving poultice made from hot, cooked potatoes was told by a lady now in her nineties who has lived all her life in Norfolk, England (Hatfield 1994: 75).

In North American folk medicine the remedies used for asthma reflect those in Britain. The Inverness-shire method to relax the patient is echoed in a remedy from Rochester: the patient is advised to walk alone three times round the house at midnight when the moon is waning (Black 1883: 125). There are records for the use of oil from a goose and of the fat from a chicken, reminiscent of the Scottish use of dogfish oil, while the skin of a muskrat worn against the lungs echoes the British use of hareskin (Meyer 1985: 31). Among a large collection (almost eighty) of different asthma remedies in the UCLA Folk Medicine Archive there are several bizarre ones, such as a stew containing badger and jackdaw (Bourke 1894: 120). Miscellaneous remedies include drinking goat's milk (UCLA Folklore Archives 6_5263), swallowing a teaspoonful of sea sand (UCLA Folklore Archives 24_6175), or eating bees' honey and sulphur (Welsch 1966: 360). A good example of transference comes from the African American tradition. Three nights in succession, the patient must find a frog by moonlight and spit into its throat (UCLA Folklore Archives 24_6176). Another transference remedy is to sleep with a chihuahua (UCLA Folklore Archives 1_6828). Some of the remedies are clearly related to the observation, or the hope, that children often "grow out of" asthma. Some of the child's hair is cut off and placed into a hole in a tree bored above the child's head. When he or she grows above the hole, the asthma will be cured (see e.g. Puckett 1981: 312). Ash, birch, willow, sugar maple, and hickory all feature in versions of this remedy. Amulets worn to prevent or to cure asthma include amber beads (Brown 1952_1964, 6: 119). Among plant remedies used, the smoking of jimson weed has already been mentioned (UCLA Folklore Archives 1-5263). Other plants native to North America but not to Britain used in asthma treatment include Aloe vera, bloodroot, skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), as well as so-called asthma weed (Lobelia inflata) (Meyer 1985: 32- 35). This plant became celebrated for its fame in treating a wide range of conditions, after it was promoted by Samuel Thomson. However, long before that it was known to and used by the Native Americans (Grieve 1931: 495). Cottonseed water was a remedy from the African tradition (UCLA Folklore Archives 21_5263). Boiled chestnut leaves (Castanea sp.) have also been used (Browne 1958: 32). Plants common to both Britain and North America that were used in American folk remedies for asthma include daisy (Bellis perennis), elecampane (Inula helenium), wild plum (Prunus spinosa), elder (Sambucus nigra), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), wild cherry (Prunus sp.), and horehound (Marrubium vulgare) (Meyer 1985: 31-35). In the Native American tradition, willow bark (Salix lucida) was smoked for asthma (Speck 1917: 309). Among the Kwakiutl a recommendation for asthma was to eat part of the heart of a wolf (Boas 1932: 184).

Employees and employement in fast food industry

Early snack food manufacturers and fast food chains were highly dependent upon their employees. Milton S. Hershey, founder of the Hershey Company , recognized their importance and created an ideal community that offered employees parks, pools, and other amenities. He also offered insurance programs and a retirement plan decades before it became common to do so in America.

Likewise, White Castle, the first fast food chain, set up a medical expense fund for the company’s employees and their families. The company also set up profit-sharing systems with cash bonuses. When the company began competing with other fast food chains that did not offer such benefits to their employees and were consequently able to undersell White Castle, these programs were curtailed.
Today, three fast food corporations— Burger King, McDonald’s, and Yum! Brands (which manages Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, Long John Silver’s,and A&W Restaurants)—employ about four million people worldwide and operate 120,000 restaurants. The industry is a major employer in America and its labor practices have been frequently criticized. The fundamental key to success of the fast food industry has been cheap labor and, on the whole, the industry pays minimum wage to the majority of its workers. Fast food chains have intentionally tried to keep unions out. They have consistently lobbied against increasing the minimum wage and have proposed eliminating minimum wages for teenagers. Over the past 50 years, these policies have enabled prices to remain low for fast food operations but have caused the industry’s chronically high employee turnover rate.

Initially, McDonald’ s and other fast food chains sought teenagers for the bulk of their workers. For most teenagers, it was their first job and they were willing to work for minimum wage. In return, the industry taught teenagers basic job skills, such as getting to work on time, obedience, and how to improve their personal hygiene. The postwar growth in the fast food industry coincided with baby boomers coming of age. It was enhanced further during the 1960s, when the industry broadened employment opportunities for women and minorities.

But even this enlarged pool began to shrink as the baby-boom generation passed out of its teenage years. The fast food industry then shift ed to nontraditional workers, such as the elderly, recent immigrants, and the handicapped. Because little training is required for most fast food functions, this has worked out well.
In the United States, wages are set by fast food managers based upon local labor conditions, but the vast majority of employees have marginal social status, receive minimum wage, and do not receive benefits. Most are part-time workers and few are permitted to work overtime. Fast food chains reward managers who keep labor costs low. Taco Bell managers, for instance, have been paid bonuses based on the reduction of labor costs. This has sometimes led to abuse, such as employees being required to work off the clock so they would not be paid overtime rates.

Companies have responded to these issues by proclaiming that the fast food jobs are ideal first jobs and that they are perfect for anyone who wants just part-time work. Companies also point to the fact that they hire the elderly, the newly arrived immigrants, and the handicapped.
Th e exception has been the labor policies of In-N-Out Burger , a small, regional hamburger chain in California, Nevada, and Arizona. It pays its employees signifi cantly more than mandated minimum wages and off ers workers a benefi ts package that includes dental, medical, vision, and life insurance. As a result, In-N-Out enjoys lower employee turnover than do other fast food chains.

The infl uence of fast food employment on the nation is clear: McDonald’s alone hires one million new workers every year, more than any other American business, and one in every eight Americans has worked at McDonald’s at some point in their lives.

Ash (Fraxinus spp.) as Herbal and Traditional Cure

The British native species of ash, Fraxinus exclesior has had numerous uses in folk medicine and folklore. In the Scottish Highlands, ash sap was traditionally given to a newborn baby as its first nourishment-a practice that it has been suggested, could originate in Persia, where the sweet sap of the so-called manna ash (Fraxinus ornus) was dried and eaten for its food value and its action as a gentle laxative. Ash sap has been used to treat earache in Ireland, and also in England right up to the present day (Hatfield MS). This remedy can be traced back to Saxon Britain (Black 1883: 197). In the Scottish Highlands, burned ash bark was used as a treatment for toothache. Other folk medicinal uses for the native British ash include a poultice of the leaves to treat snake bites. Both Pliny and Gerard claimed that there was such a strong antipathy between the ash and the snake that a snake would pass through fire to avoid the tree (Black 1883: 196). A Somerset proverb recorded in 1912 reflects this belief (Tongue 1965: 35). In West Somerset, there was a custom of hanging a wreath of flowers on an ash tree near a farm to protect the animals and people against snake bites. Smoke from burning ash was used to treat ringworm

Folk uses of the ash involve some clear examples of the transference of disease. One custom, made famous by Gilbert White in the eighteenth century, was to make a so-called shrew-ash, by imprisoning a live shrew in a hole bored in an ash tree. This tree then maintained its medicinal virtue for its lifetime. Such trees were used as "cures" for a variety of ailments, including whooping cough and paralysis. Warts were "transferred" to ash trees in a variety of ways. In one method, a pin was stuck in each wart and afterward in the ash tree, where it was left. Hernia in children was thought to be curable by splitting open a growing ash sapling and passing the child through the opening. The tree was then bound up, and as it healed, so would the child. This custom has been recorded in use in Sussex as recently as the 1920s (Allen 1995: 162). In North American folk medicine, as in British and Irish, ash sap was used to treat earache. Another use for the ash was as an aid to weight reduction; for this purpose, the dried leaves were used as a tea (Meyer 1985: 101, 265). A preparation of ash bark tea was used in the treatment of snake bite, again reflecting the claim of an antipathy between snakes and ash. There is an echo of the British folk remedy for hernia in a report from Burlington County, New Jersey, of children being treated for ruptures by being passed through a split in a tree, but the type of tree is not specified (Black 1883: 68). A child could be passed through a split holly, oak, or ash, for the cure of hernia (Puckett 1981: 396). Other uses of ash in North American folk medicine include wound treatment. Fraxinus americana was also used as an emmenagogue (UCLA Folklore Archives 1_5605). In Native American medicine there were numerous uses for various species of ash (Moerman 1998: 238-239). Ash sap was widely used to treat earache, and the method of obtaining the sap is identical to that described for Scotland (Black 1980: 218). White ash (Fraxinus americana) was used to provoke menstruation and as an abortifacient by the Abnaki. Both roots and flowers of this species have been used in snake bite treatment (Moerman 1998: 238). Black ash (Fraxinus nigra) has been used as a tonic and an antirheumatic .

American Fast Food Global Invasion

Junk food and soft drink manufacturers moved into other countries as quickly as possible. America's first commercial junk food, Cracker Jack, for instance, was introduced into the United Kingdom in 1897 and into Canada in 1901. Planters Peanuts opened its first international facility in Canada and the United Kingdom during the Depression. In 1932, Forrest Mars, the son of the founder of Mars, Inc., opened a factory in Slough, England, and rapidly expanded into Europe.

After World War II the company expanded throughout the world. Soda manufactures followed a similar pattern. Coca-Cola was exported to the United Kingdom in 1909, and the company began bottling operations in other countries. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the Coca-Cola Company began to invest heavily in Eastern Europe. Coca-Cola was a relatively neutral import to China and today it is the favorite drink of Chinese children. As the twentieth century closed, Coca-Cola had begun to construct many new bottling facilities in Africa.

PepsiCo was much slower to internationalize. PepsiCo opened operations in Japan and Eastern Europe in 1966 and in the Soviet Union in 1974, thanks to Vice President Richard Nixon, who visited Moscow in 1959 and introduced the Soviet leader to Pepsi-Cola. Today, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, the two largest soft drink companies in the world, manufacture hundreds of different soft drink brands, which are sold in every country in the world with the exception of North Korea.
Ronald in Thailand

The Beginning of Expansion

American fast food chains typically first opened their first non-U.S. operations in Canada and then launched outlets in other countries. Dairy Queen opened its first Canadian outlet in 1953. It was followed by many others, such as A&W Root Beer (1956), Chicken Delight (1958), McDonald's (1967), and Shakey ' s (1968). After World War II, Germany was occupied by American military forces. It was one of the first European nations to become a target for American fast food chains.

A&W Root Beer opened an outlet in Germany in 1962, followed by McDonald's (1971) When the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, McDonald's rushed into the former East Germany. Today, Ronald McDonald is commonly known throughout Germany. Only German potatoes and beef are used in their outlets. McDonald's has co-branded with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. and now has outlets in the Wal-Mart stores. Germany became one of the McDonald's most successful operations. Since Japan was also occupied by American armed forces it was relatively easy for American fast food operations to open outlets in Japan.

Kentucky Fried Chicken and Dunkin' Donuts opened their first Japanese franchises in 1970, followed by Dairy Queen (1971), McDonald's (1971), Church's Chicken (1979) and Arby ' s (1981). The convenience store chain 7-Eleven opened its first store in Japan in 1974. Today, there are more than 11,000 7-Eleven stores in Japan-6,000 more than there are in the United States. When China opened up to fast food operations, Kentucky Fried Chicken was the first American fast food chain to open outlets there, and today it is the most-recognized foreign brand in China, more so than Coca-Cola, Nestlé SA , and McDonald's. When the McDonald's restaurant opened in Beijing, thousands of people waited in line for hours to eat there. American fast food operations have also expanded throughout Latin America. In Brazil, McDonald's is the nation's largest employer.

The Middle East and Africa have also seen the growth of fast food chains. McDonald's, for instance, had only 11 outlets in these regions in 1991; by 2001, there were 546 outlets. Much of the growth in the Middle East occurred shortly after the end of the Gulf War in 1991. For instance, when McDonald's opened an outlet in Kuwait, the line of cars waiting to drive through was seven miles long. When a Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet opened in the city of Mecca, it grossed $200,000 during a single week.


Localization of Fast Food Expansion

To attract people in other countries to their establishments, McDonald's and other fast food operations have offered variations on the American menu. Espresso and cold pasta are offered in Italy. McHuevos (poached eggs in buns) are sold in Uruguay. Frankfurters (large sausages) are offered at McDonald's in Germany. Vegetarian burgers are offered in the Netherlands and India, and McLaks (salmon sandwiches) are offered in Norway. This process of localization has been very successful.

Today, there are more than 1,000 McDonald's restaurants in Germany and Japan, and the number of restaurants in China and other Asian countries is rapidly expanding. By 1994, McDonald's generated more revenue from non-U.S. sales than from American outlets. Today, there are 30,000 McDonald's outlets worldwide. More than half-17,000-are outside the United States. It is not just the menus that have been localized, but also procedures. McDonald's outlets in other countries do not necessarily follow American fast food patterns. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, waiters serve food with champagne in candle-lit restaurants; in Caracas, Venezuela, hostesses seat customers, take orders, and deliver meals; and in South Korea McDonald's employees seat customers at tables occupied by others during crowded times.

Attraction to American Fast Food

There are a number of reasons why American fast food operations have been so successful in other countries. In other countries, fast food outlets appeal particularly to the busy, upwardly mobile middle classes. Customers are attracted to their efficiency, reliability, predictability, cleanliness, and public toilets. Then again, American-style fast food outlets are less expensive than other food establishments in many countries.
Finally, customers flock to American fast food operations because of their association with the United States. Fast food is considered an exotic American import in many countries, at least during its first few years of being offered. Fast food outlets also symbolize safety, convenience, fun, familiarity, sanctuary, modernity, culinary tourism, and connectedness to the world. To many people throughout the world, American fast food represents affluence and innovation, and reflects what is considered the good life of the United States. To critics, these same chains represent the bloated lifestyle in the United States and American domination of the world.  

A&W Root Beer History

Roy Allen, who refurbished old hotels, met a pharmacist who had perfected a recipe for making root beer. Allen bought the recipe and on June 20, 1919, opened a root beer stand in Lodi, California, offering frosty mugs of root beer for a nickel. Shortly thereafter, he opened more stands in Stockton and Sacramento, one of which may have been a drive-in. In 1920, Frank Wright, an employee at the Stockton stand, became Allen's partner; they combined their initials and called the company A&W Root Beer. Additional A&W stands were opened throughout California, Utah, and Texas. Allen eventually bought out Wright, trademarked the A&W Root Beer logo (a bull's eye and arrow), and began to franchise the chain; thus, A&W became one of the first fast food franchise chains in the country. Franchisees paid a small licensing fee, displayed the A&W logo, and bought root beer syrup from Allen. Other than these connections, little commonality existed among franchisees-no common architecture, no common menu, and no common procedures or national advertising. Some A&W Root Beer franchises began selling food, including hamburgers and hot dogs, along with root beer. Some early A&W Root Beer stands were drive-ins, featuring tray-boys and tray-girls, later renamed carhops, who brought orders to customers in their cars outside.

How to make root beer float

The Depression affected franchises differently. Some went out of business, but others opened more new stands. In 1933, A&W had 170 outlets; by 1941, it had 260 stands nationwide. The war years between 1941 and 1945, on the other hand, were a very difficult time for A&W. There were labor shortages and sugar shortages, and by the time the war ended many franchises had closed. After the war, however, A&W rapidly expanded. During the 1950s, Roy Allen sold the business to a Nebraskan, Gene Hurtz, who formed the A&W Root Beer Company. Within ten years, the number of A&W outlets had increased to more than 2,000. In 1956, an A&W Root Beer outlet opened in Canada, followed by Guam and the Philippines. A&W went through many ownership changes beginning in 1960, when the chain was sold to the J. Hungerford Smith Company, which had manufactured the concentrate for the soda almost since the beginning. Three years later, both companies were sold to the United Fruit Company (later renamed United Brands Company). Within United Brands, the company changed its name to A&W International. In 1971, United Brands formed A&W Beverages, Inc., and test-marketed A&W Root Beer in bottles and cans in California and Arizona. The product was well-received and was subsequently distributed nationally, along with sugar-free, low-sodium, and caffeine-free versions. In 1974 the company introduced its mascot, The Great Root Bear. In 1975, franchisees formed the National Advisory Council of the National A&W Franchisees Association (NAWFA), which was the first time that franchisees had a voice in the formation of their contract. A standard menu for each restaurant was created in 1978.

The new A&W Great Food Restaurants included salad bars and ice cream bars, among many other innovations. At the same time, A&W Restaurants, Inc., a wholly owned restaurant franchise subsidiary, was formed. A. Alfred Taubman, the shopping mall and real estate tycoon, purchased A&W Restaurants, Inc. in 1982, and he opened new franchises in malls and shopping centers. The company also began expanding its operation to include A&W Hot Dogs and More restaurants. By the mid-1980s, the company had expanded its operations into several Southeast Asian countries, with an office in Malaysia serving as the headquarters of A&W's international operations. In October, 1993, A&W Beverages, Inc. became part of Cadbury Beverages, Inc. Today, the A&W Beverages continues under the ownership of Plano, Texas-based Dr Pepper / Seven Up, Inc. , the largest noncola soft drink enterprise in North America and the largest subsidiary of London-based Cadbury Schweppes. In 1994, A&W Restaurants, Inc. was purchased by Sagittarius Acquisitions, Inc., which in 1999 merged with Long John Silver ' s to form the Yorkshire Global Restaurants based in Lexington, Kentucky. By 2001, A&W had 970 restaurants (780 in the United States and 190 in other countries), and 121 joint establishments with Long John Silver's. Tricon Global Restaurants (later renamed Yum! Brands , Inc.) acquired A&W Restaurants in 2002.